Shakespeare’s Use of Ovids Metamorphoses and Virgils Aeneid as Basis

Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis for The Tempest William Shakespeare, as did most essayists of his time, took the reason for the tales he composed from different writings. He would utilize source sonnets or folklore so as to compose his own works. Romeo and Juliet, for instance, can be contrasted with the deplorability of Pyramus and Thisby. Plays, for example, Richard III and Julius Caesar are aesthetic records of notable occasions. The Tempest, in any case, is usually seen as a unique story. Numerous pundits feel this was the main story of his that was totally made by Shakespeare. This isn't the situation. Indeed, there are a few sources from which he especially drew motivation for this story. Shakespeare utilized old style messages for the vast majority of his plays, and The Tempest is no special case. Two of the narratives from which Shakespeare drew the greater part of his motivation were Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's The Aeneid. Both are all the time utilized in the development of stories or works that have come after, and my expectation here is to represent exactly how they were utilized in the composition of The Tempest. The Aeneid recounts to the tale of a Trojan warrior named Aeneas, who is the child of Venus (the Roman goddess of affection) and Anchises, a Trojan ruler. The story happens in the12th century B.C., after the Trojan War, which was begun when the Trojan sovereign Paris enticed Helen, the spouse of the King of Sparta, and returned her to Troy. In reprisal, a Greek armed force pursued a 10-year war on Troy, leaving the once incredible city and a large portion of its kin crushed. After the war, Aeneas, alongside others that got away from the annihilation, heads out looking for another home. Their excursion takes them towards Sicily and Italy, and this I... ...07. Knapp, Charles. The Aeneid of Vergil, books I-VI, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with presentations, notes, and jargon by Charles Knapp. Chicago: Foreman and friends, 1928. Mandelbaum, Allen. The Aeneid of Virgil: A Verse Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Mill operator, Frank Justus. Ovid's Metamorphoses in Two Volumes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916. Pitcher, John. A Theater of the Future: 'The Aeneid' and 'The Tempest'. Essays in Criticism 34:3 (1984): 193-215. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. 1661-86. Tarantino, Elisabetta. Morpheus, Leander, and Ariel. Review of English Studies 48:192 (1997): 489-98. Wiltenburg, Robert. 'The Aeneid' in 'The Tempest'. Shakespeare Survey 39 (1987): 159-68. Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis for The Tempest William Shakespeare, as did most essayists of his time, took the reason for the narratives he composed from different writings. He would utilize source sonnets or folklore so as to compose his own works. Romeo and Juliet, for instance, can be contrasted with the awfulness of Pyramus and Thisby. Plays, for example, Richard III and Julius Caesar are aesthetic records of notable occasions. The Tempest, in any case, is ordinarily seen as a unique story. Numerous pundits feel this was the main story of his that was totally made by Shakespeare. This isn't the situation. Truth be told, there are a few sources from which he especially drew motivation for this story. Shakespeare utilized traditional writings for the greater part of his plays, and The Tempest is no exemption. Two of the narratives from which Shakespeare drew the vast majority of his motivation were Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's The Aeneid. Both are all the time utilized in the development of stories or works that have come after, and my aim here is to outline exactly how they were utilized in the composition of The Tempest. The Aeneid recounts to the narrative of a Trojan warrior named Aeneas, who is the child of Venus (the Roman goddess of adoration) and Anchises, a Trojan ruler. The story happens in the12th century B.C., after the Trojan War, which was begun when the Trojan sovereign Paris lured Helen, the spouse of the King of Sparta, and returned her to Troy. In reprisal, a Greek armed force pursued a 10-year war on Troy, leaving the once extraordinary city and a large portion of its kin crushed. After the war, Aeneas, alongside others that got away from the devastation, heads out looking for another home. Their excursion takes them towards Sicily and Italy, and this I... ...07. Knapp, Charles. The Aeneid of Vergil, books I-VI, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with presentations, notes, and jargon by Charles Knapp. Chicago: Foreman and friends, 1928. Mandelbaum, Allen. The Aeneid of Virgil: A Verse Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Mill operator, Frank Justus. Ovid's Metamorphoses in Two Volumes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916. Pitcher, John. A Theater of the Future: 'The Aeneid' and 'The Tempest'. Essays in Criticism 34:3 (1984): 193-215. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. 1661-86. Tarantino, Elisabetta. Morpheus, Leander, and Ariel. Review of English Studies 48:192 (1997): 489-98. Wiltenburg, Robert. 'The Aeneid' in 'The Tempest'. Shakespeare Survey 39 (1987): 159-68.

The Weather and Folklore of Altocumulus Clouds

The Weather and Folklore of Altocumulus Clouds An altocumulus cloud is a center level cloud that lives between 6,500 to 20,00 feet over the ground and is made of water. Its name originates from the Latin Altus meaning high Cumulus significance loaded. Altocumulus mists are of the stratocumuliform cloud family (physical structure) and are one of the 10 essential cloud types. There are four types of cloud underneath the altocumulus class: altocumulus lenticularis (fixed focal point molded mists that are regularly confused with UFOs)altocumulus castellanus (altocumulus with tower-like sproutings that surge upwards)altocumulus stratiformis (altocumulus in sheets or generally level patches)altocumulus floccus (altocumulus with dissipated tufts and fringy lower parts) The shortening for altocumulus mists is (Ac). Cotton Balls in the Sky Altocumulus are regularly observed on warm spring and summer mornings. Theyre probably the least complex mists to recognize, particularly since they look like wads of cotton stuck into the blue foundation of the sky. Theyre regularly white or dim in shading and are organized in patches of wavy, adjusted masses or rolls. Altocumulus mists are regularly called sheepback or mackerel sky since they take after the fleece of sheep and sizes of mackerel fish. Bellwethers of Bad Weather Altocumulus mists that show up on a reasonable moist morning can demonstrate the advancement of rainstorms later in the day. That is on the grounds that altocumulus mists frequently go before chilly fronts of low-pressure frameworks. In that capacity, they likewise in some cases signal the beginning of cooler temperatures. While they are not mists from which precipitation falls, their essence signals convection and precariousness at mid-levels of the troposphere. Altocumulus in Weather Folklore Mackerel sky, mackerel sky. Never long wet and never long dry.Mackerel scales and horses tails make elevated boats convey low sails. In the event that youre a devotee of climate old stories, youve likely heard the above truisms, the two of which are valid. The primary bit of legend cautions that if altocumulus mists are seen and pneumatic stress starts to fall, the climate wont be dry for any longer since it might begin coming down inside 6 hours time. Yet, when the downpour comes, it wont be wet for long in light of the fact that as the warm front passes, so too will the precipitation. The subsequent rhyme cautions boats to lower and take in their sails for a similar explanation; a tempest might be drawing closer soon and the sails ought to be brought down to shield them from the going with high breezes.

Custom Term Papers For Your Business

Custom Term Papers For Your BusinessCustom Term Papers can be a difficult thing to find in the UK. Not only are there a large variety of suppliers and even more competition in this industry, but it can be quite confusing at times too.In comparison, we have several English speaking countries that also have great postal services and offer a number of different options for customised business documents. One of the most popular examples of this is India. Let's take a look at the advantages that this country offers.For starters, they use paper and ink rather than printing (i.e. laser) to create their business documents. This means that any Word documents are easily created using a word processor, but that having the actual written text professionally printed is not necessary at all.Secondly, India is quite likely to have top-notch services to design, print and deliver business documents, as well as a consistent type of service. The reason that this is the case is that India is a huge coun try with a diverse population. So it is entirely feasible that business people from many different areas of the country can get their documents delivered in a timely manner.Thirdly, this means that if you want the best quality custom term papers for your company, they will be available at extremely competitive prices. This means that you will have an advantage over a competitor with similar needs as yours.However, the most attractive point of India is that you should be able to get high quality paper with low rates from this country in the past year. This means that you are well positioned to compete with the competition in terms of pricing. It also means that if you are prepared to do a little bit of extra legwork then you should be able to get the best business papers for your business.In fact, one of the biggest ways to save money in this sector is to use the online services. Some companies offer extremely competitive prices on paper and ink, and have their packages tailored to s uit your specific needs.You can also find a huge range of document templates and other options available for you to get the most competitive quotes. Even if you are still at a loss about where to buy term papers for your company, the best route to take is online.

Holden’s Basketball Experience The Absolutely True Diary...

Basketball helps Arnold find out what kind of person he can be. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian book is trying to show you how one thing in someone’s life can help them to become a nicer and smarter person. The book as is about how one person, Arnold can be two people at once. Arnold is a part time Indian beacuse he is in Idian and he thinks that he is poor beacuse of it. Arnold is also a white person in his heart beacuse he feels like he connects with them when he plays basketball. Trying out for the basketball team thought Arnold how to make a good friendship. At first him and Rowdy were very mean to each other when Arnold first tired out for the basketball team. By the end of the book Rowdy and Arnold are equal in basketball and Arnold feels like he is a white person with Rowdy and doesn’t feel excluded. Becoming a stronger person Arnolds coach said â€Å"Nervous means you want to play. Scared means you dont want to play.† Arnold learns how to deal with his fears when he played basketball and it helped him in life. face his fears In chapter 20, Arnold tries out for the basketball team at his school. He tells himself that he is not going to get on varsity or junior varsity. Arnolds dad said that Arnold needs to dream big (20.15). Arnolds dad tells him about the story how his mom was 13 and he was five. On the first practice the coach told the team that sixteen of them are going to be cut because of the budget cuts. This shows you how poor the

Merry Christmas Quotations

Want to wish your friends a Merry Christmas? Quotes can be a great vehicle to convey the seasons greetings. These merry christmas quotes express, what a thousand-word speech cannot. 11 Quotes to Wish Everyone a Meaningful Merry Christmas Never worry about the size of your Christmas tree. In the eyes of children, they are all 30 feet tall. Larry Wilde, The Merry Book of Christmas Somehow, not only for Christmas, But all the long year through, the joy that you give to others, is the joy that comes back to you. And the more you spend in blessing, the poor and lonely and sad, the more of your hearts possessing, returns to you glad. John Greenleaf Whittier Best of all, Christmas means a spirit of love, a time when the love of God and the love of our fellow men should prevail over all hatred and bitterness, a time when our thoughts and deeds and the spirit of our lives manifest the presence of God. George F. McDougall This is the message of Christmas: We are never alone. Taylor Caldwell As long as we know in our hearts what Christmas ought to be, Christmas is. Eric Sevareid The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: the presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other. Burton Hillis, Better Homes and Gardens The best Christmas trees come very close to exceeding nature. Andy Rooney Christmas is not in tinsel and lights and outward show. The secret lies in an inner glow. Its lighting a fire inside the heart. Good will and joy a vital part. Its higher thought and a greater plan. Its glorious dream in the soul of man. Wilfred A. Peterson, The Art of Living Christmas is most truly Christmas when we celebrate it by giving the light of love to those who need it most. Ruth Carter Stapleton Christmas, my child, is love in action. Every time we love, every time we give, its Christmas. Dale Evans Rogers Blessed is the season which engages the whole world in a conspiracy of love. Hamilton Wright Mabie

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) - 1587 Words

The genetic engineering of plants is looming as one of the greatest and most intractable challenges of the 21st Century. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been with us for some forty years, yet they are difficult to understand. Despite the fact that much has been written about them, controversy still surrounds their production and consumption. GMOs are the result of genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, which is the â€Å"deliberate, controlled manipulation of genes in an organism with the intent of improving the organism† (Encyclopedia Britannica). This is usually accomplished independent of the natural reproductive process. Much of the genetic engineering effort has been focused on the production of food crops (such as corn, wheat and soy), that are resistant to extreme climates, insects and diseases. These GMO crops become part of our food supply through direct consumption or indirectly by the consumption of livestock and fish that have been fed GMO crops. The production of GMOs in the farming and food sectors has grown rapidly in the past 20 years. If you live in United States, you are most likely eating GMOs and/or livestock who were fed GMOs. Eighty-eight percent of the corn grown in the U.S. has been genetically modified to be herbicide-resistant and/or insect-resistant (USDA, 2015). It has been estimated that upwards of seventy-five percent of processed foods on supermarket shelves – from soda to soup, crackers to condiments – containShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Or Gmos, Are Genetically966 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs, are genetically modified plants, animals, or microorganisms whose genetic information has been modified by DNA-editing methods such as DNA splicing or gene modification. This modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, or bacterial genes that are not found in nature (GMO Facts). It is the right of the consumer to know exactly what they are consuming. However, in the United States, it is not required that food containing GMOs has to be labeledRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )996 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are seeds that are genetically altered in a laboratory before being planted. Later on, they grow into genetically modified (GM) foods. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) A GMO is a plant-based organism, such as seed. However, it has: Genes that are altered to act in a certain way that does not naturally happen OR Contains genes from another plant-based organism History Since 1994, about 85 GM foods have been approved for sale in Canada. This includes GM foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1236 Words   |  5 PagesLayla Sugawara 4/12/15 9/Fe Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetics has been altered by some form of technology. GMOs were first developed from the idea of selective breeding or artificial selection. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans purposely breed two selected organisms to reproduce a offspring with a desired trait. The beginning of genetic engineering is unclear. Before the 1900s, some farmers and naturalistsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Or Gmos1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthese innovation scientists have been working with are genetically modified organisms, or GMOs for short. The topic of GMOs is extremely controversial. There are those who back it one hundred percent, and those who seek to see it destroyed. While much of GMOs’ fame comes from the field of genetically modified foods, it is most certainly not limited to it. A quieter, and perhaps more imaginary field of GMOs has to do with genetically modified pigs. Scientists have been reworking the genes of someRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is one of the most important issues around the world. Genetic engineering is a process where scientists take genes from one species and force it into the DNA of other species. GMO has long been in practice to b reed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable behaviors. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. It involves combining elements of DNA from different sources to create a new DNA moleculeRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1775 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Between 1996 and 2008, US farmers sprayed an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide on GMOs† (Smith). For more than 20 years GMOs have been produced and placed on store shelves; there are many recognized and uncertain hazards that may affect the health of humans and the environment (Ehrenberg). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), although they provide many benefits to the economy and food supply, are associated with numerous environmental implications; there is a noticeable increase of food allergiesRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1525 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are highly embedded into our food systems. The use of GMOs is a subject that is often highly debated. GMOs have been viewed as a way to produce food more efficiently, and to aid in the feeding of our ever growing population. However, there are numerous countries that have placed a ban on the use of these products. 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This is because â€Å"in the U.S. GMO are in as much as 80% of conventional processed food (Non-GMO project).† A GMO is a â€Å"genetically modified organisms† which can be a plant or animal. What makes them a GMO is that they have been genetically engineered with DN A of another organisms that has a desired trait of some kind. The DNA used can come from other animals and plants

Policy Analysis Zero Fare Public Transport †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Policy Analysis for Zero Fare Public Transport. Answer: Introduction People quite often think that using their own vehicles for commutation is more economical and the marginal cost of its use is zero as compared to any other mode of transportation. There is a need for changing this concept of people as well as to make road traffic free, it is necessary for the government of Perth to introduce a policy which will help in making the public transportation free or at zero fare. Every city around the globe wants to formulate policies that will help in shifting and using public transport more often than their own private vehicles. By providing public transportation at zero fare, Perth will be able to reduce congestion from the road as well as it will prove beneficial for the environment (Cats, et al., 2014). Due to the congestion on the roads and environmental imbalance, countries have started thinking that, whether public transportation should be free or not. A good public transit is the need of the time, else the city will grind to halt. Sometimes, there are traffic jams which choke up the entire road for full day, hampering the day to day functioning of the people. Due to the use of a number of cars on the roads, the massive problems of emission of CO2 and smog come into existence. Thus, by providing a transportation without any cost included, the government can be able to encourage the people to avail its services more often. It will also be beneficial to the environment in the long run. Keeping in mind the pros and cons of free fare public transportation and the recommendations and feedback taken from various other cities and countries free fare public transportation, which will be discussed later, even our city Perth, Australia should formulate and implement such policy (Zureiqat, 2008). Evaluation of Proposed Policy A zero tariff transport is one where the passenger need not to pay for the public transportation used. There's a need for developing a policy for Perth to promote free fare transportation because it will increase the public transportation usage and decrease the traffic congestion. It is important for the Perth zero fare policy to be examined on its financial feasibility parameters. It is very essential to take into account the financial capital needed to adopt the policy, due to which it will be quite easy to explain the tax payers about every penny spent, as well as it will help in getting support for the system in the Perths political and social circle (Konai, et al., 2014). The analysis of the systems cash flows of revenues and cost on an annual basis is required for evaluating it on a financial basis. Maintenance costs, operation costs, general administration costs and tickets sales and collection costs are included in financial costs. To bring about a modal shift in favor of pub lic transport, a policy instrument that needs to be considered is pricing (Cats Susilo, 2017). Once the Perth free fare public transportation will come into existence, people will start experiencing its benefits and slowly and gradually will start appreciating the policy. The policy should be evaluated based on the previous experiences or case studies of other city or country free fare transportation system (Jones, 2016). For the local authorities of Perth and the policy makers, it will be one of their main priorities, to maintain and increase the market share of public transport. The city of Perth has seen a tremendous increase in the demand for transport to a similar increase in congestion due to traffic and it all leads to worsening the environmental conditions and Perths economic competitiveness. It is the demand of the time, for the creation of sustainable mobility, an attractive and dependable public transport services to be made available to its resident free of cost. Thus, it is the duty of Transport Administration of Perth City Council to formulate and implement a free fare transport system (Fightback Team, 2017). Total ridership and quality of service are the two important criteria for transit service. It should be taken into account, that if free fare policy will be implemented, how much the total ridership will change and who will be those riders. This will not only save related costs, but will also improve operational efficiency. Fare collection can be saved and costs can be controlled by the Perth Public Transport agency and by extending its system supply can capitalize on economies of scale of public transport. We can do an analysis of similar free fare transport system policy which was formulated and implemented in the city of Tallinn with a population of 43,6000 in January 2013. It became the first capital in EU to provide its citizens free fare public transport (Shearlaw, 2016). The residents were supposed to buy 2 Euro green card to avail free transportation. Due to this, there was a 5% decrease in the usage of the car, whereas an increase of a 6% in public transport usage between 2012-2013. The following are the objectives for the initiation of a full fledge free fare transport system:- Private car to public car modal shift promotion Unemployed and low income residents mobility improvement To increase the municipal income tax, encouraging the inhabitants to register themselves as residents of Tallinn 75% of the voters supported the policy to initiate the policy, which was approved by the city council. At the fare transport policy of Tallinn initiation, the policy makers said that the by increasing the municipal taxes, the lost ticket revenues will be recovered. In the year 2012, the annual revenues from the ticket was nearly 13 million euros (Eltis Team, 2017). Analysis of Perths Free Fare Transport Policy The Policy for free fare transport system for the city of Perth will be evaluated on a number of criteria mentioned below:- Fare free policy net cost: The net farebox recovery in smaller systems is usually less than 11 percent. Any net proceeds of fare collection can be cancelled out due to cost of collection, whereas in larger systems can be much greater and revenue can form a substantial portion of the operating budget (Perone Volinski, 2014). Policy impact on quality of service and ridership: Due to the policy there will be a substantial increase in the ridership. But it needs to be kept in mind what what kind of ridership is increasing or the commuters are good or bad for the system, or due to the free fare service, more and more number of people commuting and hence shoving away the existing commuters etc. Impact of policy on the goals of the community: Few important points should be noted that what will be the effect of the free fare transport service of the environment and traffic congestion, will it be able to create a positive perception for a long run for the transit system etc. There should be focus on service quality improvement and customers safety, to increase the choice ridership in the Perths transit system policy. If the fare is low, it can also cause problems which will lead to the deterioration of the Perth Transit system service, comfort and image. The citizens driving their own vehicle must be encourages to use public transport so that it cost nothing to them as they will feel cheated by paying taxes for a utility they are not using. Other than that, the cost of operation and maintenance of free fare public transport system need to be checked at every regular interval to keep it in control. Existing and Alternative Policies for Fare Free public transport The existing fare free public transport policy for the city of Perth can be beneficial to the community as a whole. It will be simple and easy in public transport system handling, there will be minimum congestion on the road, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. It will be easier to calculate the investment costs since there will be a fix income coming from the taxes. Though free fare public transport system has its own plus and minus points, but before implementing few points should be kept in mind, taking into considerations, the zero fare policies of other cities and countries. It can be and cannot be a right move for our city, which we will be able to tell only in the coming years. It is important to have a committed partner to fund such policy and the quality of the services should be maintained. The policy should be in a position to fixed routes as well as para transit services to the commuters. Lastly, there should be policing the system, wherein any joy-rider should be removed immediately. By doing an analysis of several other countries and cities fare transport policies, it has come into knowledge that other than free fare public transport, below mentioned options can also be considered, though it was observed that soundful evaluation of a small number of experiments can only be done. Thus, in the long run, it is hard to say that whether the policy will be able to sustain or not (Olsen, 2016). Free fare public transport for Limited Period: The city and state councils, to promote behavior shift toward public transport, to the non-regular users offer rides for free for a specific period of time. Such policy success can only be determined when the promotion period is over and behavioral change of the riders is measured. But such policy can also ;lead to increase in the number of disruptive passengers and over crowdedness. Free fare public transport for limited scale: In the city if Perth, any two running bus lines can be made free to the general public on working days. It can be done for a year so as to reduce the congestion from the city freeway.With past experiences in other cities, when this policy was implemented, it tripled the ridership to 15% new trips. Although the size of the pilot project can or cannot achieve the objective, but it will promote better utilization of capacity (Fearnley, 2013). Recommendations to the Perths existing free fare public transport policy The free fare public transport policy should be fair. There will be fewer non-riders who will be contributing to the policy, yet not utilizing the services. In the user pay system, scarce resources should be allotted efficiently. Due to fare free policy, there will be a rise in the ridership. Attention should be paid to the type of increasing ridership, overcrowdedness and any kind of problem riders, which can lead to the policys failure. The policys main aim is environmental balance and congestion free traffic system. Utmost importance needs to be given in that direction (Perone, 2002). To make the policy to run for long term, positive perception of the transit system needs to be formed. Regular surveys on the customers satisfaction and service quality need to be conducted. In a larger system like the one in the city of Perth, the net farebox recovery should be greater, wherein the revenue will form a substantial portion of the operating budget. The cost of operations, maintenance cost, security cost and labor cost should be kept in mind while drafting the policy (Jaffe, 2013). People quite often doubt on the success of the free fare public transport system and raise questions that it is only suitable for massive patronage growth. Though it is a very optimistic approach to formulate such policy which will help in benefiting the environment, traffic congestion, etc. Free fare public transport, for other goals and proposes very low achievement at a cost which is very high. Free fare transport funds are allotted by taking out funds from other public budget funds which is not liked by many. But having said that, such policy is a costly affair, but if it get political and public support, it will definitely turn into a successful scheme. References Cats, O., Reimal, T. Susilo, Y., 2014. Public Transport Pricing Policy Empirical Evidence from a Fare-Free Scheme, Available at: https://www.tallinn.ee/eng/freepublictransport/g13168s70247 Cats, O. Susilo, Y., 2017. The prospects of fare-free public transport: evidence from Tallinn. Transportation journal, 44(5), p. 10831104. Eltis Team, 2017. Introducing free public transport in Tallinn (Estonia), Available at: https://www.eltis.org/resources/videos/introducing-free-public-transport-tallinn-estonia Fearnley, N., 2013. Free Fares Policies: Impact on Public Transport Mode Share and Other Transport Policy Goals. International Journal of Transportation, 1(1), pp. 75-90. Fightback Team, 2017. Is zero-fares public transport the answer? A debate, Available at: https://fightback.org.nz/2017/03/15/is-zero-fares-public-transport-the-answer-a-debate/ Jaffe, E., 2013. How Free Transit Works in the United States, Available at: https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2013/03/how-free-transit-works-united-states/4887/ Jones, A., 2016. The benefits and challenges of students using public transit, Available at: https://transloc.com/blog-benefits-students-public-transit/ Konai, N., L'Homme, A. Yokoyama, C., 2014. Implementing a Zero-fare policy for the Sao Paul metro, Available at: https://lecture.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~zkanemoto/SaoPauloReport.pdf Olsen, D., 2016. Why Community and Public Transportation Should Be Fare-Free, Available at: https://web1.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/articlefiles/Fare_Free.pdf Perone, J., 2002. Advantages and disadvantages of fare-free transit policy, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.504.198rep=rep1type=pdf Perone, J. Volinski, J., 2014. Fare, free, or something in between?, Available at: https://www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/473-132.pdf Shearlaw, M., 2016. The Tallinn experiment: what happens when a city makes public transport free?, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/11/tallinn-experiment-estonia-public-transport-free-cities Zureiqat, H., 2008. Fare policy analysis for public transport : a discrete-continuous modeling approach using panel data, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38003968_Fare_policy_analysis_for_public_transport_a_discrete-continuous_modeling_approach_using_panel_data

Essay About Ikea Analysis Essay Example

Essay About Ikea Analysis Essay The IKEA vision, business idea and market positioning statement provide a framework for all IKEA marketing communication worldwide. The IKEA vision is To create a better everyday life for the many people. Our business idea is To offer a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. Our market positioning statement is Your partner in better living. We do our part, you do yours. Together we save money. By communicating the content of this framework and encouraging customers to experience the IKEA concept, we are building the IKEA brand. The IKEA brand is the sum total of the emotional and rational values that consumers associate with the IKEA tradesmark and the reputation of our company. The brand image is the result of over 50 years work by IKEA co-workers at all levels all over the world. What we do, what we say, the products we offer, the price we offer them at, the presentation of our range and the information we provide our customers all contribute to our image. The overall task of IKEA marketing communication is to build the IKEA brand and inspire people to come to the stores. The IKEA concept builds on a relationship with the consumer. Nine key messages are used within the IKEA marketing communication to build this relationship and give an understanding of how we can fulfil our customers needs. These are briefly described below. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay About Ikea Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay About Ikea Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay About Ikea Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Example

Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Example Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay The Nature of the Dreaming and its relation to the beginnings of the existence is to show how the Earth and land was formed by their ancient ascendants that rose from their ageless slumber and created life. The Sacred sites are considered to be the H2O holes. stone formations and caves. the utilizations for these sacred sites are burial evidences. ceremonial meeting topographic points and important topographic points such as delivering caves. The Dreaming besides has narratives that help to portray its significance for illustration the Kangaroo adult male or the rainbow snake. Aboriginal Art was considered to be one of the most important things in an indispensable portion of Aboriginal life. the Art was to state great narratives and demo important thoughts and as a manner of learning. Question 2: The importance and significance of the Dreaming to Aboriginal people Is Not merely to move as a signifier of Guidance but it is a manner of life for Natives It fundamentally is their codification of life. It is indispensable to the life of traditional Aboriginal people and their life style and civilization. for it determines their values and beliefs and their relationships with every life animal and every characteristic of the landscape. It is the manner Aboriginal people explain the beginning of life and how everything in their universe came into being. What links the Peoples and the Dreaming together is the natural universe particularly the land to which a individual belongs. Aboriginal people see themselves as related to. and apart of. this natural universe and cognize its characteristics in intricate item. This relationship to the natural universe carries duties for its endurance and continuity so that each individual has particular duties to protect and continue the spirit of the land and the life signifiers that are a portion of it. Apart from this there are over 900 different Aboriginal Tribes in Australia so each of them has their ain belief but that doesn’t mean they exclude others. they all run along the same Belief one creative activity. Question 3: Kanyini is connexions Between the Aboriginal People. lovingness and duties of one and each other. The Australian Documentary ‘Kanyni’ which goes deep into item of how Aboriginal’s lived and connected with the existence. it showed how diverse and how serious the relationship to the land and to their ascendants was and still is. Bob Randall is the chief histrion in the film and portion of the Stolen Generation. The connexion that Natives have with the Earth is inextricable intending that their intent on this land is to travel with the flow of the environment and merely by making this it fulfills the originative fate. We have a wholly different position towards the land and universe compared to the Natives because they see everything as portion of them and that they are all united with everything. In Kanyini Bob negotiations about when the Europeans came into Australia and turned everything upside down making nil but pandemonium. The Aboriginal life style and civilization was destroyed. their Traditions and imposts were abolished. This wholly demoralized the Aborigines because you weren’t merely taking their rights off but their intent and psyche. we broke the connexion. The Dreaming is a portion of all facets of Aboriginal life. The look ‘Dream time’ is most frequently used to mention to the ‘time before time’ . or ‘the clip of the creative activity of all things’ . while ‘Dreaming’ is frequently used to mention to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spiritualty. Aboriginal spiritualty takes form in many signifiers. The Aborigines are one with the land and the land is one with them. It is the land on which we live. the H2O we consume. the Sun. Moon and stars. the life around us and the air we breathe. they are all linked by The Dreaming as The Dreaming is the ground for their being. â€Å"It’s an accelerated procedure ; we’re worried that they will travel excessively fast and they won’t look difficult plenty ( for possible environmental impacts ) . †- Rob Randall Bibliography Coleman. N. 2006. Surveies of Religion. Australia: Science Press. No 2: p16-28 Wikipedia. 2010. Dreamtime. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dreamtime ( day of the month accessed 10th April. 2010 ) Curriculumsupport. 2010. The Dreaming. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. curriculumsupport. instruction. Naval Special Warfare. gov. au/shared/thedreaming. htm ( day of the month accessed 12th April. 2010 ) .

The Developing Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Developing Child - Essay Example Particularly, child is attributed to have phisycal, psychological and cognitive development. Those will be descussed in current paper. Both child developmentalists and life-span researchers recognize that development is more than increases in frequency, size, complexity, or functional efficacy. For example, in some areas of psychometric intelligence, such as crystallized intelligence, development proceeds in an incremental fashion over the life span into late adulthood; in others, such as fluid intelligence, it declines beginning in early adulthood. Similar phenomena exist in social development. Relationships with opposite-sex peers may show a discontinuous pattern with declines in the elementary school years and increases in adolescence and young adulthood. Ontogeny therefore is a reflection of aspects of both growth and decline. Development thus may be viewed as a gain-loss relationship. Both child development and life-span development have models involving such ideas. In research on adulthood and old age, Bronfenbrenner (2003) has suggested that a basic process underlying this dynamic interplay between gains and losses over the course of development is selective optimization with compensation. As constraints in development or limitations in plasticity occur with age, individuals become more specialized and selective in adapting to situations and in solving problems. They develop substitutive skills to compensate for declining abilities. In confronting new tasks; the elderly draw selectively upon past experiences, existing knowledge and skills, and personal and social resources. The particular form of selective optimization or compensatory skills or strategies adopted will depend on the individual's past life conditions. Gains and losses may also exist in childhood development. For example, even in Piaget's theory there is evidence for loss (in perceptual accuracy) as children more toward a higher cognitive stage ( Bronfenbrenner, 2003). A more concerted effort by both child and life-span researchers to focus on gains and losses and multidirectionality in development could lead to enhanced and increasingly fruitful developmental models.Both contemporary child psychologists and life-span developmentalists see child development as resulting from the interaction between an active, organized individual and an active, organized environment. Individuals act on their environments, evoke behavior from others, select settings, and discriminate among stimuli to which they respond. Moreover, the individual exists in multiple levels of embeddedness in his or her environment, for example at the individual psychological level, the dyadic level, the family level, the community level, the historical level, and so on. There is a dynamic interaction among these contextual levels and between the individ ual and the contextual levels. Development is a process of constant change based on the interaction between the changing individual and these changing contextual levels.Although the ecological movement, led in child development by Bronfenbrenner ( 1979), has had a profound impact on theory in child development, much developmental research still presents a picture of the child developing within rather static ecosystems. Certainly more attention is focused on individual

Scale and Geologic Time Lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scale and Geologic Time Lab - Assignment Example This time to count to one hundred is your human timescale. The time elapsed while you counted to one hundred was probably somewhere between 30 and 60seconds. This is a timescale that you can relate to, especially considered you just experienced it! You are familiar with this amount of time and you are comfortable with discussing events (like counting) that can occur over a period of 30 to 60 seconds. Now you are going to start converting the human scale to the geologic scale. For the purposes of this exercise, you are going to consider each 100 years along the timeline provided above as equivalent to the time it takes you to count to 100. So, counting to 100 equals the passage of 100 years. Lets convert our dates before present to counting times (fill in the blanks): This human scale is the amount of time you would have to count to reach the founding of the United States at your new scale. Now, perform these conversions for each of the other events on the timeline (fill in all the blanks): Remember, the human scale represents the number of seconds you would have to be counting to arrive at a given event. Most people consider the founding of the United States or the founding of Rome to have occurred a long time ago. How do these dates compare with the time between now and the first appearance of humans? Comparing these dates with the time when the first human occurred on the earth surface, there is a large difference since the first humans occurred approximately 100,000 years to present while United States and Rome were formed approximately 250 and 2750 years to present. The Cambrian explosion is estimated to have occurred approximately 540 million years to present while the earth is approximated to have been formed approximately 4,600,000,000 years to present. The difference in the length of time is quite large. Place humans within the perspective of Earths history? How does human history

A Character Study Of Patrick Bateman Essay Example for Free

A Character Study Of Patrick Bateman Essay This character study focuses on is Patrick Bateman, the anti-hero protagonist of American Psycho, an often misunderstood satire of the upper class American lifestyle by Bret Easton Ellis. The book is set in New York in the 1980s, and let the reader see through the eyes of the protagonist himself by using first narrative. Therefore when reading the novel it feels as if one is reading a diary, although there are no strict time intervals between each chapter. The storyline is very simple. The novel depicts the everyday life of Patrick Bateman with every minute detail. We are put right into a typical scene of Batemans life straightaway at the start when we see him and his friends at a posh dinner party. Immediately we get the idea that he is very rich and lives his life in style. The foods at the dinner party are exotic and Bateman couldnt help keep showing off his platinum American Express Card. Like his friends, he loves to mock homeless people and those less fortunate than him. One of his favourite tricks is to pretend handing a dollar note to a beggar and then taking it away in the last second whilst taking pleasure from the disappointment of his victim. He also possesses some good qualities. For example, he is extremely intelligent and shows disgust in discrimination of any kind, provided that those people are on the same level as him. He even ridiculed a colleague for his anti-Semitic comments. However these good qualities are actually a fai ade, hiding his true personality. Contrary to what appears, he is strongly homophobic, racist, anti-Semitic and unfair to women. This can be demonstrated by his opinion of rap music, describing it as too niggerish. His views on women were they are only there to help men carry on the human race. Patrick Bateman is also very health conscious. Except for an occasional cigar, he does not smoke and loathes others who do. He also imposes a strict healthy foods regime on himself. His regime is somewhat similar to a vegans. He eats mostly fruit and almost never meat, with a special emphasis on exotic foods. His favourites include kiwi fruit paste and Japanese apple-pears, costing him an inordinate amount for each. To complement his dietary regime, Bateman frequently utilizes his exclusive, private health centre named Xclusive. Furthermore, he uses a wide range of health care products and medicines. These are actually Ellis exaggeration of what happens in real life, where the social elites desperately try and keep themselves healthy, with any means possible. During the day Bateman can be seen as a normal upper class person, but during the night things are completely different. When asked about what he does during the night, he replies I have to return some video tapes. This has become the euphemism of his night-time activities. At night, he indulges himself in murdering innocents and raping unfortunate individuals. Sometimes the shock of doing these things gets to him, and he starts to have panic attacks. Its during these panic attacks we see really how weak he is. He often confesses his crimes to total strangers. However they always ignore him and think its a joke. This, combined with how characters in the book often mistakes one person for another, is Ellis way of representing how in the modern world we dont really care about who we are talking to. One thing that cannot be ignored about the novel is how explicit it is. Rapes, murders and grotesque actions are described with nothing left out. For example, in one of the scenes Patrick Bateman drinks his own urine and in another scene, he cuts out the eyes of a homeless person. To give you an idea of what the language is like, heres an extract from the book: I push the serrated blade into its [a dogs] stomach and quickly slice open its hairless belly in a squirt of brown blood, its legs kicking and clawing at me, then blue and red intestines bulge out and I drop the dog onto the sidewalk. He [the owner] just stare in horror saying oh my god oh my god as the sharpei drags itself around in a circle, its tail wagging, squealing, and it starts licking and sniffing the pile of its own intestines, spilled out in a mound on the sidewalk, some still connected to its stomach. From this you can see how graphical the book is. Unfortunately this is only a small piece of the whole story and this extract is the most weak in terms of disgust in the book. This simply enforces the idea of how demented and psychotic Patrick Bateman is. The irony of the novel is that Bateman does completely opposite things whilst insisting what he does is always right. For example, he often mocks his colleagues for making discriminatory comments, but he is secretly just as discriminatory. While he outlandishly keeps himself fit and healthy, he abuses cocaine and anti-depressants. This is the core of Ellis satire, where he makes fun of the upper class, which insists on their perfection but actually is ignorant on how imperfect they are. Also in the novel Bateman dedicates a single chapter plus many parts of other chapters detailing his material wealth. Also he tirelessly compares his belongings to those of someone else. Indeed in one scene he discovered that another persons business card was of a better quality and design than his and thus started to have intense jealousy for that person. This can be interpreted as Ellis satire directed at the greed of humans and our desperate struggle to have the best of everything. After he commits his final murder, Bateman does not feel good and high as he described it. Instead, he feels nothing. Not even killing can satisfy him now. It is astounding how he was never suspected of any of the numerous murders he committed. At the end we discover that he may have imagined all his acts of atrocity. This deliberate ambiguity is the only mercy Ellis has for this truly evil character. Despite this, I pity Patrick Bateman, for he tried to find pleasure, like we all do but in other ways, and failing to do so. In the end, he is left hollow with no emotion left whatsoever. Its pitiful how one can become mentally deranged on ones quest for personal gain.

Tess Essay -- essays research papers

Tess Durbeyfield is a victim of both external and internal forces. Passive and yielding, unsuspicious and fundamentally pure, she suffers a weakness of will and reason, struggling against a fate that is too strong for her to overcome. Tess falls victim to circumstance, society, and male idealism. Tess may be unable to overcome these apparent difficulties is destroyed by her ravaging self-destructive sense of guilt, life denial and the cruelty of two men. It is primarily the death of the horse, Prince, the Durbeyfield’s main source of livelihood that commences the web of circumstance that envelops Tess. The imagery at this point in the novel shows how distraught and guilt ridden Tess is as she places her hand upon Prince’s wound in a futile attempt to prevent the blood loss that cannot be prevented. The imagery is equivalent to a photographic proof - a lead-up to the events that will shape Tess’s life and the inevitable â€Å"evil† that also, like the crimson blood that spouts from Prince’s wound, cannot be stopped. The symbolic fact that Tess perceives herself to be comparable to a murderess is an insight into the murder that she will eventually commit and is also a reference to the level of guilt that now consumes her. â€Å"Nobody blamed Tess as she blamed herself... she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.† Tess views herself as the cause of her family’s economic downfall. Tess’s parents, aware of her beauty, view Tess as an opportunity for future accumulation of wealth. With the unfortunate circumstance of Prince’s death Tess, is urged to venture from the â€Å"engirded and secluded region† of Marlott to seek financial assistance from the D’urberville’s in nearby Trantridge. It is here in Trantridge that she first encounters the sexually dominating and somewhat demonic Alec D’urberville. Alec’s first words to Tess, â€Å"Well, my Beauty, what can I do for you?† indicate that first impression of Tess is only of sexual magnetism. Alec then proceeds to charm Tess by pushing strawberries into her mouth and pressing roses into her bosom. These fruits of love are an indication of Alec’s lust and sexual desire for Tess as he preys upon her purity and rural innocence. Tess unwillingly becomes a victim to Alec’s inhuma ne, violent and aggressive sexual advances. Alec, always the master of opportunities, takes advantage of her while alone in the woods and proceeds to rape ... ...as subjected her to the cruelty of love. Tess, a victim once again is now broken both spiritually and emotionally. It is at this point in the novel that she begins to come to the realization that her beauty is part of the cause of her destruction. In answer to this she dons her oldest field gown, covers half her face with a handkerchief, and snips off her eyebrows to â€Å"keep off these casual lovers†. Unfortunately for Tess she has come to this realization to late. She now is unable to save herself from Alec’s lustful actions and Angel’s idealized reasoning. The potent tragedy of Tess’s life is that her decisions have always been made with good and pure intentions, but have resulted in damaging consequences. Tess is undoubtedly a victim as misery punctuates her life. Tess is a victim of circumstance in that her individuality makes little difference to her fate. She is a victim of society in the sense that she is a scapegoat of narrow-mindedness among her fellow man. She is a victim of male ideology on the grounds that her powers of will and reason are undermined by her sensuality. Tess herself sums up her own blighted life best, â€Å"Once a victim, always a victim - that’s the law†.

Masculinity and Femininity Essay

Throughout history and across culture, definitions of masculinity and femininity have varied dramatically, leading researchers to argue that gender, and specifically gender roles, are socially constructed (see Cheng, 1999). Cheng (1999:296) further states that â€Å"one should not assume that ‘masculine’ behaviour is performed only by men, and by all men, while ‘feminine’ behaviour is performed by women and by all women†. Such historical and cultural variations oppose the essentialist view that masculinity, femininity and gender roles are biologically ingrained in males and females prior to birth (Cheng, 1999). These socially constructed stereotypes surrounding masculinity and femininity coupled with their cultural and historical variations are the focus of this essay, leading into the sociological implications of the findings. Whilst practices of gender roles have varied dramatically across history and culture, the stereotypes surrounding masculinity and femininity have remained fairly stoic (Cheng,1999). Masculinity has been continually characterised by traits such as â€Å"independence, confidence and assertiveness†, with these traits relating directly to aspects of dominance, authority, power and success (Leaper, 1995:1). Cheng (1999:298) links these traits of masculinity to hegemonic masculinity, as â€Å"a culturally idealised form of masculine character.† Connell (1995:76) agrees, stipulating that hegemonic masculinity is culturally and historically variable, being simply â€Å"the masculinity that occupies the hegemonic position in a given pattern of gender relations.† This serves to emphasise that, if hegemonic masculinity is at the top of the pyramid of a set of gender relations, and these gender relations (as seen below) can vary, hegemonic masculinity itself can also vary ac ross cultures and historical periods. This indicates that the previously alluded to traits of masculinity are instead the Western traits of hegemonic masculinity (Connell, 1995). Femininity, on the other hand, has often been categorised as the complete opposite of hegemonic masculinity (Leaper, 1995). Leaper (1995:1) has emphasised many stereotypically feminine characteristics, including â€Å"understanding, compassion[ate] and affection[ate].† These characteristics often perpetuate the gender role of the loving, nurturing mother and domestic home-maker, emphasising success (as opposed to the masculine success of wealth and status accumulation) as a  tidy house and well-fed children (Hoffman, 2001). Various scholarly research has highlighted how such stereotypes of masculinity and femininity are continually perpetuated by the wider population, with Leaper (1995) reporting there is much distaste for a masculine woman or feminine man. However, regardless of the stereotypes associated with masculinity and femininit y, cultural variations of these stereotypical gender roles exist. It has long been argued that definitions and practices of masculinity and femininity vary across cultures (see Cheng, 1999), with evidence surrounding variations in masculinity being drawn from Japan, the Sambia region of Papua New Guinea, America and Latin America. Sugihara and Katsurada (1999:635) reiterate this perspective by stating that â€Å"[c]ulture defines gender roles [and] societal values†. Sugihara and Katsurada’s (1999:645) study of gender roles in Japanese society characterised Japanese hegemonic masculinity as â€Å"a man with internal strength† as opposed to the physical strength typically emphasised within Western societies’ ideal man. In contrast, the American notion of hegemonic masculinity is predominantly seen as to include heterosexism, gender difference and dominance (Kiesling, 2005). Specifically, as stated by Kiesling (2005), masculinity in America relies upon being heterosexual, in a position of power, dominance or authority and believing that there is a categorical difference between men and women in terms of biology and behaviour. It is this Western notion of masculinity that is often seen to perpetuate stereotypical gender roles, as alluded to previously (Leaper, 1995). Further variations in masculinity across cultures can be seen in recent research in the Sambia region of Papua New Guinea, where it was discovered that masculinity â€Å"is the outcome of a regime of ritualised homosexuality leading into manhood† (Macionis and Plummer, 2005:307) Such engaging in homosexual acts, whilst considered an example of hegemonic masculinity in the Sambia region, is considered a subordinated masculinity in the Western world, indicating how hegemonic masculinity can vary across cultures (Connell, 1995). Another cultural variation at the opposite end of the spectrum to the homosexuality of the Sambia region, the internalised strengths of Japanese men and even in contrast to the authoritative dominance of American masculinity, is the ‘machismo’ construct of masculinity in Latino men. The masculinity shown in  Latino men can be described as an exaggerated form of American hegemonic masculinity, with a focus on physical strength, toughness and acting as both a protector and an authority figure (Saez et. al, 2009). These four variations alone – between Japanese, Sambian, American and Latin American masculinity – emphasise the cultural differences in masculinity. Femininity, however, shows to some extent, even greater variation cross-culturally. Delph-Janiurck (2000:320) suggests that femininity focuses on â€Å"social relations†¦ the home†¦ [and] (re)creating feelings of togetherness†, re-emphasising the traditional stereotypical gender role of the nurturing, motherly home-maker. This definition of femininity can be reiterated by Sugihara and Katsurada’s (1999:636) study, where they found Japanese women portrayed aspects of Connell’s (1995) emphasised femininity, in that they were â€Å"reserved, subservient and obey[ed] their husbands.† However, these traditional traits of femininity are not the same across cultures. Margaret Mead’s study of the Mungdugumor and Tchambuli tribes of Papua New Guinea stand in stark contrast to the femininity previously emphasised. The Mungdugumor tribe showed both males and females as aggressive and powerful, typically masculine traits to the Western world (Lutkehaus, 1993). The Tchambuli tribe, in contrast, reversed the Western gender roles completely, resulting in the males being more submissive and females acting more aggressive (Gewertz, 1984). In the Western world and specifically Australia, variations in comparison to other cultures could not be more obvious. Harrison (1997) emphasises how the English tradition of debutante balls, adapted by many religious institutions in Australia, promotes a feminine ideal of monogamous heterosexuality, coupled with passivity, beauty, modesty and virginity. This version of femininity stands in stark contrast to the subservience of Japanese women, and the aggressive traits of both the Tchambuli and Mungdugumor tribes’ women, as a cross-cultural example of varied femininity. These examples further serve to emphasise how variable masculinity and femininity are across cultures. However, such variations are similarly evident across historical periods. Historical variations in masculinity and femininity also exist, further serving to emphasise that gender roles are a socially constructed  creation. Cheng (1999:298) reiterates this stating that, â€Å"[a]s history changes, so does the definition of hegemonic masculinity†, emphasising how variable social constructions of gender roles are. In the last century alone, the American version of hegemonic masculinity has witnessed significant changes. Before the first World War, hegemonic masculinity was portrayed through the likes of Humphrey Bogart and Clark Gable, before being overturned by the â€Å"more physical, muscular, violent and sexual† Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone (Cheng, 1999:300). Another example exists in Australia, where masculinity has seen a similar shift from the 1950s until now. Pennell (2001:7) has emphasised how masculinity in Australia started with the patriarchy, the belief that â€Å"moral and legal authority derives from the masculine.† The 1950s particularly portrayed masculine males as the breadwinners and feminine females as homemakers, examples of the gender role stereotypes continually perpetuated today (Pennell, 2001). As the years progressed, sports stars such as Donald Bradman and, more recently, Shane Warne and Olympian James Mangussen, began to portray typical hegemonic masculinity, with more emphasis being placed upon physique, dominance and power, than simply material wealth (Pennell, 2001). However, masculinity is not the only thing that has seen significant historical change. Femininity, however, has not changed as dramatically as masculinity, remaining, as emphasised by Cheng (1999), the subordinated gender. Matthews (in Baldock, 1985) emphasises the changes that have occurred in femininity over the twentieth century, from women portraying their femininity through submissive acts of unpaid work to women’s emancipation and allowance in joining the workforce, emphasising a less submissive, more powerful and independent notion of femininity. Whilst the feminist movement showed significant improvements to women’s rights, historical notions of femininity – passivity, domesticity and beauty – continue to be perpetuated in Australian society (Cheng, 1999). This emphasises how society may not change as fast as evidence surrounding the social construction of gender roles arises (Cheng, 1999). Various sociological implications arise from these examples of  varying masculinities and femininities across culture and history, particularly that it suggests gender roles are â€Å"not homogenous, unchanging, fixed or undifferentiated† (Cheng, 1999:301). To some extent, such evidence can dispute claims that gender roles, masculinities and femininities are biologically determined and can argue against the essentialist argument that there are two and â€Å"only two bi-polar gender roles† (Cheng, 1999:296). The evidence, that masculinity and femininity vary cross-culturally and over historical periods has the ability to argue against the essentialist argument, as it shows the more than two gender roles exist, with variations between cultures (such as the varied femininities across Japan and PNG) and within historical periods (such as the variations in American hegemonic masculinity). In a societal sense, evidence suggesting that gender roles are not biologically constructed, but instead vary throughout culture and history, emphasises that such perceived inevitable functions of society, such as the patriarchal dividend and gender inequality are not inevitable biological constructs (Hoffman, 2001). They could be argued, instead, as socially constructed blockades to female empowerment and equality, that, such as can be seen in the Tchambuli tribe of Mead’s study, can be reversed (Lutkehaus, 1993). The evidence that masculinities and femininities vary diversely across culture and historical period further empahsises that gender roles and gender divides are socially constructed. With evidence drawn from as far reaching as PNG and Japan and over vast historical periods, it can be reiterated that gender roles and perceptions of masculinity and femininity are not unchanging (Cheng, 1999). As emphasised throughout this essay, such evidence disputes essentialist arguments regarding the supposed inevitable patriarchal dividend and, in relation to society, reiterates that gender roles can change.

Gender Stereotypes Gender And Stereotypes Essay

Gender stereotypes emerge across time and throughout different cultures and typically they are ascribed to individuals in order to conform to sociocultural ideas and biological norms (Johnston Diekman, 2015). This behaviour is often influenced upon individual s in the earliest stages of life when a infant is not yet capable of expressing his or her own preferences in terms of gender identity, leaving the young child s parents and other adults to choose for them (Pomerleau, et al., 1990). Leman and Tenenbaum (2011, p. 153) suggest that gender is a ubiquitous and fundamental part of any child s development and often traditional and conservative choices are made by parent s about a child s gender identity through material items such as clothing and toys to ensure that the child fits into their sex-typed preference. The purpose of this essay is to contextualise just how significant gender differences and stereotypes are within current material culture aimed towards children, with a pa rticular focus on toys. It will be argued that although attitudes towards gendered stereotypes are slowly perishing in the 21st century, children s toys are still being advertised according to their assumed targeted gender. In order to do this effectively, recent results from a research project will be discussed which will lead onto an in depth analysis of current trends in literature and how these trends correlate with social theory. Through conducting preliminary research onShow MoreRelatedGender, Stereotypes, And Stereotypes Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven rules. We are taught that straying away from stereotypes is anything but good and encouraged to build our lives upon only these social rules. Recently, stereotypes based on genders have been put into the limelight and have become of high interest to a generation that is infamously known for deviating from the established way of life. Millennials have put gender roles under fire, deeming it a form of segregation and discrimination by gender. Researchers have followed suit. Mimicking millennialRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gender Stereotypes1588 Words   |  7 Pagestoday holds many stereotypes, and sometimes people will rebel against the stereotypes in order to embrace the individual and oppose social norms. However, some stereotypes are harder to rebel against than other. A stereotype that might be harder to break, either because the people w ho believe in that stereotype are too ignorant to look past it or because the people who need to rebel are not able to, is gender based stereotypes. One example of this type of stereotype is when gender roles appear inRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gender Stereotypes Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween which gender was more superior than the other. Males won the battle of the sexes and women had to fight hard for their freedom of equality and right to vote. Even though today women are no longer restricted, like they were once were, they are still unable to achieve their dreams. This is from the gender role-stereotypes. These stereotypes affect their everyday life, school work, and even career choices. Question are often asked about gender stereotypes like ‘Where did these stereotypes first originateRead MoreGender And Gender Stereotypes1150 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes are fallacious claims that seem to be inevitable. Labels on individuals create many barriers for their progress in their everyday lives. Aside from assaults of all kinds and being demoted on a regular basis, women are treated unfairly and are seen in a dominant position for stereotypical matters. Jobs and hard work seem to be male dominated fields only. Though they do get pushed down in certain circumstances, it is not as nearly as much as women do. Gender discrimination influencesRead MoreGender Stereotypes1352 Words   |  6 Pagesname of Tyler. I am a walking victim of Gender Stereotyping. For as long as I can remember I have been stereotyped by my name and always have heard â€Å"Tyler is a boy name†, â €Å"I thought you were a boy when I heard your name† growing up my name was always questioned and people always would ask me the question of â€Å"why did your mom name you Tyler?† After 20 years of life, I am still faced with the question of â€Å"isn’t Tyler a boy name?† I am a walking Gender Stereotype. I have often come to even ask myselfRead MoreGender And Gender Stereotypes1141 Words   |  5 PagesGender and race stereotypes are primordial. They have existed forever and are still prevalent in today’s society. The most prominent of these are feminine, masculine, and race stereotypes. With these stereotypes, it can easily be demeaning and make people feel trapped. Films, childrens books, literacy, and fairy tales often convey these stereotypes. Females have been seen as the lesser gender for years. Women are seen as weak, insecure, and dependent people. They are most typically portrayed asRead MoreGender Stereotypes1012 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of gender stereotypes in children at home and school There are a lot of parents and teachers who communicate gender stereotypes to children while they interact. We also see how parents interact with boys and girls differently based on their gender. For example, some parents want their children to know that anything with pink is for girls, and blue is for boys. They observe what their parents can do at home, how and in what level their parents communicate to each other, what kindRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Stereotypes1582 Words   |  7 PagesThere are multiple examples and instances where the object of a joke has something to do with gender and gender stereotypes. These types of jokes seem to take center stage at any comedy performance or routine, and the audience loves it. Gender in association with humor brings up a great deal of questions. Do males and females see humor differently? Are there any similarities in the way the sexes view humor? And is there any truth to the thought that humans enjoy crass humor more than o ther typesRead MoreGender Stereotypes1847 Words   |  8 PagesLiving in 21st century United States, being a  much more liberal  and inclusive environment than prior decades, gender â€Å"roles† and their normalities are being severely questioned and challenged. Americans have defined and established gender stereotypes that have become a critical part of how we look at gender roles and create biases about each gender. Stereotypes assume people who belong to a group will appear, behave, look, speak or sound like others from that group. The values, norms, practicesRead MoreGender Stereotypes732 Words   |  3 Pagessingle-sex schools. UV published that boys who attended single-sex schools were twice as likely to pursue interests and careers in subjects such as art, music, drama and foreign languages. In this study, the boys studied were of comparable ability. Gender stereotypes are less constraining at single sex schools, allowing students to explore their strengths. (N ovotney, 2011) Although this study is viable, I would disagree with the numbers, I don’t believe that they are twice as likely to pursue interests